8/30/2023 0 Comments Crop sensor vs full frame cameras![]() ![]() ![]() If you want to save money on a crop sensor but think you might upgrade to a full frame later, it’ll be less expensive in the long run to invest in quality glass now. “You can use a full-frame lens on a crop sensor, but not the other way around,” adds Whitehouse. “At the end of the day, the glass is more important than anything.” Lenses tend to hold their value better than camera bodies and are equally, if not more, responsible for the image quality you can get out of your camera. “If you’re going to use a crop sensor, the best thing you can do for yourself is invest in a full-frame lens,” says Silva. No matter what type of camera you opt for, here are a few practices you can adopt to get the best shot possible with the gear you’ve got. “You’d need a very wide angle lens to get everything around you in a crop sensor, but there’s a lot of distortion with lenses that wide.” “Because you’re zoomed in with a crop sensor, it’s really hard to back out,” says Silva. The crop factor can be a handy hack to amplify your telephoto reach, but the flip side is that shooting wide-angle shots is difficult. As camera technology advances, the quality gap between crop sensors and full frames will continue to close. But in practise this may only become noticeable in certain situations, such as low-light conditions. If you shoot wildlife photography or sports photography, you can do pretty well with a crop sensor camera,” says Silva.Ī crop sensor can’t fit the same amount of information into a file as a full frame simply due to its smaller surface area. ![]() “The crop sensor’s smaller sensor gives your lenses extra reach. While the crop factor can be seen as a weakness of these cameras, you can also turn this magnification to your advantage in scenarios where you need to get as close as possible. And mirrorless crop sensor cameras are so small that if you need something super portable, a crop sensor is great,” says Whitehouse. “If you’re not ready to drop the cash for a full frame, it’s better to start with a crop sensor, which is also smaller and lighter. This means you’ll have to invest in the appropriate storage to house these larger files, from faster memory cards to cloud storage or backup drives. If you want to take your camera on the road for travel photography, street photography or photojournalism, full-frame lenses and bodies can be unwieldy to lug around. This is in part due to the size of the sensor. Keep in mind that if you choose a full-frame camera you’ll have to invest in full-frame lenses, which can be just as expensive as, if not pricier than, the body itself.Įven as mirrorless cameras continue to make great strides toward slimmer full-frame bodies, there’s no getting around the added bulk of a full-frame camera. “If you shoot landscape photography or anything that needs a wide frame, such as real estate photography or architecture, you’ll probably want a full frame.”įull-frame cameras are designed to meet the needs of enthusiasts and working professionals and their higher price tags reflect these extra features. It also means that if you accidentally underexpose or overexpose your image, a full-frame file (especially if you shoot in RAW) will give you the latitude to recover blown-out highlights or deep shadows more than a crop sensor can.īecause there’s no crop factor on full-frame sensors, “you’re able to get a wider field of view with your lens,” says Whitehouse. This means you can shoot higher contrast images. Newer full-frame DSLRs will give you the highest dynamic range. The two most common crop sensor sizes are APS-C and Micro Four Thirds, which have a 1.6x and 1.5x crop factor respectively.ĭynamic range refers to the complete range of exposure values in an image, from its darkest areas to its lightest. To find the equivalent angle of view for a lens on a crop sensor body, simply multiply the magnification amount by the focal length of the lens. “Canon has a 1.6x crop sensor, while Nikon, Sony, Sigma and Pentax have a multiplier of 1.5x and Panasonic and Olympus are 2x.” “Different camera bodies have different crop factors,” says photographer Whitney Whitehouse. ![]() For example, if you use a 50 mm lens on a crop sensor camera with a multiplier effect of 1.5x, your effective focal length will be the same as a 75 mm lens. This means that the edges of your photo will be cropped for a tighter field of view. A crop sensor is smaller than the standard 35 mm size, which introduces a crop factor to the photos these cameras take. ![]()
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8/30/2023 0 Comments Nimble ams merchandis![]() Leverage Lightning Web Components (LWCs) to add eye-catching event showcases to your Experience Cloud Lightning pages. Promote your upcoming events effortlessly within the Experience Cloud. Learn More Events Discovery in Experience Cloud ![]() Members can now initiate a transaction through Experience Cloud Community Hub or Visualforce Community Hub and check the products out through Experience Cloud Checkout for a smoother, easier, and unified process. With Summer 23, in addition to Merchandise and Donation product types, your members can now check out additional product types (Membership, Events, Sponsorships to name a few) through the optimized Experience Cloud Checkout. Learn More Experience Cloud Checkout Improvements The association members will have a seamless journey as they transition between the two interfaces. Embrace innovation at your own pace without disrupting your current operations or member experience. This allows associations to gradually adopt the new capabilities offered by the Experience Cloud Community Hub while still maintaining some of the existing configurations in Visualforce Community Hub. We understand that change takes time, which is why Nimble AMS is introducing a hybrid model strategy. Hybrid Model for Visualforce & Experience Cloud Community Hub support If the total weight of the shippable products in the cart is 15 lbs., the user will be able to select that option from the ship methods lookup.Experience Cloud Community Hub ImprovementsĪs part of our continuous effort to add functionality to Experience Cloud Community Hub, we have made some exciting improvements with the Summer '23 release. For example, staff members can create different records with thresholds of 5,10, 15 lbs. The Threshold field can be used to determine the upper weight limit for that shipping method. The options available for that weight/region combination will be the only options presented to the user to select from. Total shipping cost is calculated by adding the weight of all merchandise cart items and determining the shipping address. Staff members can set up various weight classes to be used within different geographical regions. Weight-based ship methods are used when there are certain weight ranges for orders. These rates will be assigned to the product and visible to the user when their order meets the selected criteria. Additional handling charges can be added to the ship method record by specifying a Handling Type (Flat Rate or Percentage of Shipping) or a Minimum Handling Charge in staff view. Flat Rate Ship Methodsįlat rate ship methods are displayed to the user based on set shipping charges for specific regions or products. The Threshold field can be used to determine the upper limit of the product value allowed for that ship method. These ship methods can be created by price range and displayed in Community Hub for specific products. ![]() Cost-Based Ship Methodsįor Cost and Percentage of Cost ship methods, Community Hub users see a shipping cost determined by the price of the products in their cart. They must use the state/province code (NY). New York instead of NY), the shipping method will not appear. If a shipping option is restricted by State/Province and the user enters the full name of the state (e.g. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments Inboard vs outboard vs sterndrive![]() If it had been an outboard would have had to come in on my 15 HP kicker. Took about 10 minutes to diagnoise and repair. My 1980 boat has never been towed in or had to come in on my kicker but I did replace the points one time offshore. I like that the motor is inside and any touble you can work on it. ![]() Offshore in large swell having the weight lower in the hull means the boat does not rock and roll as much as a outboard with weight higher in the hull. ![]() When drift fishing tabs a and motor trim will make no difference but the weight farther foward and lower still reduces the rock and roll. Yes you can trim the ride with trim tabs and motor trim but just not the same. In big chop or offshore swells this makes the boat ride better. I like the fact that the weight is farther foward and lower in the hull. The ladies like to lay out on the back engine cover and deck. I still like the I/O for several reasons. Many outboards will have a big motor splash well that take up a lot of room. While this is true it is not that big a difference on some boats. The 4 cycle outboatds are much heaver than the the 2 cycle outboards of the same HP but still lighter than the I/O.Īs some have said already the outboard takes up less room in the boat. Today the fuel mileage is the same or slightly better on 4 cycle outboards. In the old days fuel mileage was better on the I/O because they are four cycle. ![]() In the old day they were both rated at the power head.īecause of the difference of weight the same HP outboard will be faster because it lighter. I agree the HP is rated at the prop shaft on outboards and I/O now. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments English thyme herb![]() ![]() The ancient Egyptians used thyme as an embalming fluid. ![]() For example, the ancient Egyptians used thyme as an embalming fluid. Share on Pinterest People have used thyme throughout history. Its antibacterial effect proved stronger than that of standard concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, the active ingredient in most acne creams and washes.īenzoyl peroxide also causes a burning sensation and irritation on the skin, which means that a thyme tincture might be a solution to acne that leads to fewer unwanted effects. They found that thyme might be effective in treating acne. Scientists from Leeds, England, tested the effects of myrrh, marigold, and thyme tinctures on Propionibacterium acnes ( P. However, they recommend further research. “A 3 percent thyme essential oil cream could represent a relatively economical and easily available opportunity to treat and heal mild to moderate cases of fungal infections.” Results for the chamomile cream were similar to those for the placebo. They noted that full healing occurred in 66.5 percent of people treated with a fungal cream containing thyme essential oil, compared with 28.5 percent of those using a placebo. In some countries, herbal preparations are important medicines.Ī team at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, carried out a study to assess the therapeutic benefits of a 10 percent chamomile extract cream and a 3 percent thyme essential oil antifungal cream for eczema-like lesions. They suggest that thyme might be a potent antioxidant for stabilizing sunflower oil. Scientists from Warsaw, Poland, examined whether thyme extract might prolong the stability of sunflower oil at different temperatures. It can cause food to lose quality, stability, safety, and nutritional value. Lipid oxidation is a serious problem during food processing and storage. Researchers at the University of Turin, Italy, found that essential oil of thyme significantly enhanced the destruction of the C. albicans) is a common cause of yeast infections in the mouth and vagina, a recurring condition called “thrush.” They found that wild thyme caused cell death in breast cancer cells. Researchers in Turkey looked at the effect of wild thyme on breast cancer activity, and specifically how it affected apoptosis, or cell death, and gene-related events in breast cancer cells. Colon cancerĪ study carried out in Lisbon, Portugal, found that extracts of mastic thyme might protect people from colon cancers. They reported that thyme oil, even at low concentrations, showed potential as a natural preservative of food products against several common foodborne bacteria that cause human illness.Ī Polish study tested thyme oil and lavender oil, and they that observed that thyme oil was effective against resistant strains of Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Escherichia and Pseudomonas bacteria. Foodborne bacterial infectionsĪ team at the Center for Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Portugal, studied the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from a range of aromatic plants, including thyme oil. More tests are required for the data to prove significant, however. ![]() Rats respond to hypertension in a similar way to people, so the findings might have implications for humans. Researchers at the University of Belgrade, Serbia, found that an aqueous extract obtained from wild thyme reduced blood pressure in tests on rats. Louis encephalitis, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever.Ī team at Chungbuk National University in South Korea reported that a combination of thymol, alpha-terpinene, and carvacrol was effective in killing off tiger mosquito larvae. Since the 1990s, it has spread around the world, carrying West Nile virus, Yellow fever, St. The tiger mosquito is native to tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. One study from 2010 suggests that thymol can reduce bacterial resistance to common drugs, including penicillin. Used alongside other biocides, such as carvacrol, thyme has strong antimicrobial properties. These are substances that can destroy harmful organisms, such as infectious bacteria. Thymol is one of a naturally occurring class of compounds known as biocides. Share on Pinterest Thyme has a range of powerful medicinal effects. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments Cci 22lr subsonic ammo for sale![]() ![]() The correct delivery charge will show in your basket prior to purchase so you are fully informed before you order. Isle of Man & Truo (Scilly Isles) Next Day Available These Locations include the following areas and postcodes Non-Standard UK locations (Channel Islands & The Scottish Highlands) This list is not a full and exhaustive list and other reasons may apply. Also, if goods are refused delivery without prior arrangement a charge of £10.00 will also be incurred. If for some reason parcels are required to be redirected, then a new additional charge of £10.00 will be incurred (where applicable). (Tracing numbers may not be live until 12h after the parcel was dispatched) (This service may not provide tracking details)įor larger items, we use Parcelforce and you will be advised of a consignment note number shortly after your goods have left us so you can track the delivery of your items 'on-line' with our specified courier. However, we always advise our customers should this situation occur.įor small items, we use Royal Mail, if you are out or miss your delivery your goods will be taken back to the relevant (Local) Royal Mail Sorting Office and a ‘missed delivery card’ will be put through your letter box with contact details to enable you to arrange to have your goods re-delivered or to arrange to collect the parcel yourself. Some products may have a specific delivery requirement which may mean that our standard delivery times may have to be extended. We always aim to dispatch the same day and get your goods delivered to you within a period of 3-10 working days from time of order on all standard delivery options. Shooting Sports UK can only deliver goods to you in an approximate period. * The correct delivery charge will show in your basket prior to purchase so you are fully informed before you order. We now offer “Next day” and “Saturday Delivery” at an extra cost Shooting Sports UK standard delivery charge for the UK Mainland is based on a flat rate of £4.99 on all standard delivery options (Excludes the Channel Islands & The Scottish Highlands) so, you'll pay the same low price for delivery on all items. (Excludes the Channel Islands & The Scottish Highlands) Yes, CCI 22LR ammo is still being produced at full capacity at their manufacturing facilities in Lewiston, Idaho.UK Delivery and Click + Collect Terms & Conditionsĭelivery is free in UK Mainland for all orders over £99. Bulk packs like the CCI 22LR Ammo - 500 Rounds sell out very quickly, so it's best to strike when the iron's hot.Ĭlick here for answers to Ammo Buying Frequently Asked Questions, and for more information check out our State of the Ammunition Industry page. CCI ammo is very popular and has been for decades due to its high quality and performance. Why is CCI ammo out of stock?įor the most part, CCI 22LR ammo is in stock more and more often. ![]() Still not finding what you're looking for? Bookmark our In-Stock Ammo page and check back often to see what's ready to ship today. The best tip is to buy it when you see it, as certain very popular stuff like CCI 22LR ammo might sell out quickly and not come back into inventory for a week or two. It has definitely been hard to find over the last few years, but we have it in stock most of the time, and it's pretty rare to be completely sold out of all 22LR ammo. 22 LR ammunition is getting better where the supply side is concerned. They also make Quiet-22 subsonic ammo that can reduce the noise of your shots by up to 75%. Their popular Mini-Mag rounds are optimized for varmint hunting and offer unbeatable accuracy and stopping power on pesky critters. CCI Ammo develops a wide variety of rimfire ammo to suit your specific needs. Shop for CCI Ammunition 22 Long Rifle Ammo and get some of the best Ammo on the market for pest control, small game hunting, plinking, and recreational target shooting. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments Jamaican passport application form![]() If you need help applying online, assistance and computers may be available at some local libraries or council offices, however, please check first by clicking on your relevant borough at the bottom of this page. You will need to print a verification page to return in the post along with the required information If you are not able to add proof of your identity, address or photograph you can skip this section and instead return your documents by post. Take a note of your application reference number so that you can track the progress of your Freedom Pass.Īpply online now How to add proof of your identity, address or photograph.Add a colour photograph of yourself - Photo requirements.Add proof of your residential address in London - Documents you need.Add proof of your name and age - Documents you need.Complete your name and address details.You will be sent an email to confirm your email address. You will be asked to provide the following: View the Freedom Pass privacy statement to find out what information we collect, why we collect it, and how long we keep your information for.Ĭlick on the 'Apply online now' button. Please make sure that you meet the eligibility criteria first before applying. Instead you must choose one of the following methods of applying. Please note you are unable to apply at London Councils office. ![]() ![]() Please read the following information on how to apply. ![]() You can apply online, or return your application form by post. How to apply for an Older Persons Freedom Pass Find out how to replace your Freedom Pass here. IMPORTANT: Please do not submit a first time application if you require a replacement pass as this may cause unnecessary delays. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments Olly goodbye stress for anxiety![]() ![]() Here are some tips to help you get started: To experience the benefits of Olly vitamins for anxiety, it's important to incorporate them into your daily routine. How to Incorporate Olly Vitamins into Your Routine Olly Calm: This blend of GABA, L-Theanine, and lemon balm helps to reduce anxiety and promote a sense of calm.Olly Sleep contains melatonin, chamomile, and L-Theanine to support a restful night's sleep. Olly Sleep: Lack of sleep can contribute to anxiety.Olly Goodbye Stress: This formula combines GABA, L-Theanine, and lemon balm to promote relaxation and reduce stress.Here are some of the top Olly vitamins for anxiety: Olly offers a range of products that can help with anxiety relief. ![]() Which Olly Products are Best for Anxiety Relief? L-Theanine: An amino acid that promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality.GABA: A neurotransmitter that inhibits or reduces the activity of nerve cells, helping to reduce anxiety.Ashwagandha: An adaptogenic herb that helps the body adapt to stress and promotes a sense of calm.Some of the key ingredients found in Olly vitamins for anxiety include: They contain a blend of natural ingredients that have been scientifically proven to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety symptoms. Olly vitamins for anxiety are specially formulated to help you manage stress and find calm. Olly vitamins are formulated to provide targeted support for specific health concerns, such as anxiety. They are made with high-quality ingredients and are free from artificial colors, flavors, and sweeteners. Olly vitamins are a line of natural supplements designed to support various aspects of your health, including mental well-being. Fortunately, there are natural solutions available to help you find calm and manage anxiety. In today's fast-paced world, many people struggle with their mental well-being. Olly Vitamins for Anxiety: Natural Supplements to Help You Find CalmĪre you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or anxious? You're not alone. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments List of road opener herbs![]() ![]() Grant a creature the ability to see in the dark out to a range of 12m.įocus your mind to read the thoughts of certain creatures while talking to them. Creatures cannot make ranged attacks into or out of it. Instil madness in a humanoid enemy, making them attack the creature closest to them (other than you), even if it's allied.Ĭreate a dark shroud that Heavily Obscures and Blinds creatures within. Undead also receive Disadvantage on Attack Rolls.Ĭonjure a cloud of spinning daggers that attack anyone inside.īlind creatures up to a combined 33 hit points. You gain Advantage on Charisma Checks in dialogue and prevent it from attacking.Īssail a creature with the chill of the grave and prevent it from regaining hit points. It is easier to hit, and the creature will miss more often.Īttackers have Disadvantage on Attack Rolls against you.Įach flammable target is hit with 3-18 Fire damage.Ĭharm a humanoid to prevent it from attacking you. They gain a +1d4 bonus to Attack Rolls and Saving Throws. The curse either bestows Disadvantage on checks and Saving Throws or attacks, lets you deal additional damage to the target, or robs it of its actions.īless up to 3 creatures. Protect a creature from attacks: increase its Armour Class up to 16.Ĭurse a creature with your touch. Up to 3 creatures receive a -1d4 penalty to Attack Rolls and Saving Throws. Gain 5 temporary hit points and deal 5 Cold Damage to any creature that hits you with a melee attack. Heal your allies and increase their hit point maximum by 5 hit points. Harvested from a gland at the base of a wyvern's tail. This solution ripples and splashes of its own accord, almost like it's trying to escape the bottle.Ī draught for healing life-threatening injuries.Īs tasteless as it is deadly. Hypnotic patterns swirl within this hazy potion. You'd think this bottle was empty but for the sound of sloshing liquid from within. Other methods include taking narcotics and being hit very hard with a chair.Ī heady aroma of hay, musk, and manure greets your nose upon opening the bottle.Ī draught for curing minor cuts and bruises One of the few ways for elves to experience sleep. Tiny silver shards give this clear, gelatinous substance an uneven sparkle. This bottle's syrupy contents pour smoothly and silently, without even the hint of a splash. There's a hint of brimstone to this bubbling brew. This potion, reminiscent of whiskey in taste but not effect, is known to cause temporary ringing in the ears. Popular among politicians and adventures alike. Some say flowers placed within will bloom indefinitely. This potion causes a tingling sensation in the extremities when consumed. The surface of this concoction remains remarkably still, no matter how much the bottle is agitated.Ī sliver of a hill giant's fingernail is suspended in this potion, and the foul stench renders it unpleasant to swallow. A layer of frost coats the inside of the bottle. This bottle feels warm, as if it's been sitting by a hearth. ![]() ![]() This concoction appears rather chewable, thick as it is with herbs and roots.Įven when closed, a choking acrid smell emanates from this bottle.Įxtracted from a basilisk's gullet, this thick, grey oil swirls slowly in its container.Ĭoncocted of rare ingredients that hasten the drinker's demise unless mixed correctly.ĭespite its reputation as a chalky and unappetising brew, a pleasing effervescence makes this potion easy to drink. ![]() ![]() ![]() The hair color will be combined with straight hair, or curly hair are beautiful magic. Because this is an extremely respectable hair color, it makes you look more luxurious. If you are not afraid to become the focus of attention, try boldly dyeing purple hair. When hearing the name of the hair color, you saw the brilliance and prominence despite the space and time of purple hair extensions. ![]() All you need to do is dress up your personality and makeup lightly, and you will be in control of this color. Besides, the advantage of purple charcoal is also hair color, not picky skin. That’s why this hairstyle is trendy among idols and hot girls too. You desire to be wings with purple hair, but fear the prominence, why not try the charcoal purple immediately? This is a beautiful combination of many purple colors together to get a warm purple color, but still enough to help you shine. Charcoal purple hair Charcoal purple hair But do not forget to wear innocent Korean style makeup to combine with purple smoke. However, this hair color can still coordinate with cute girls. The smoky purple hair expresses the personality and rebellion of the girls. If you are a trendy and stylish girl, let the purple smoke help you shine. Smoke purple hair extensions smoke purple hair You can change your purple hair a little with different colors to have a hot trend hair. Like human hair, using a purple hair color is a bit boring. But to have a beautiful, durable, and natural hair extension is not too expensive. However, the most significant minus point of this hairline is the price. Besides, the human hair extension with purple color also helps smooth and beautiful hair a lot. If you do not look closely, you will not know that you are using the extension. Typically, your hair will look very natural. Purple human hair extensions are always the best choice for you with lots of plus points. human hair extensions can be dyed into purple color Also, synthetic purple hair extension is not durable when compared to hair made with real hair. However, when connected to your real hair, synthetic purple hair extension will look unnatural and expose your hair a lot. Purple hair extensions made with artificial fibers will be cheaper and more colorful. The most prominent is the hair extensions made of human hair and extensions made of artificial fibers. Can you have your hair extensions colored into purple hair?Īs we all know, on the market, there are many different types of purple hair extensions. Recently, purple hair extensions are popular and looking to buy, let’s learn the useful and necessary information about this hair extension. Nowadays, with the continuous development of hair extension, it is not only in pure black but also in other colors to meet practical needs. It is not only a hair that helps cover imperfections, but it is also a decoration and helps the owner to become more beautiful. Hair extension is an essential and useful item for most people, especially women. ![]() 8/30/2023 0 Comments Microcosm biology![]() ![]() (2018): Early stage litter decomposition across biomes. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35: 525–534.ĭjukic, I., S. Monson (2003): Spatial and temporal controls of soil respiration rate in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 370–379. Bååth (2008): Bacterial and fungal response to nitrogen fertilization in three coniferous forest soils. Bardgett (2012): Abiotic drivers and plant traits explain landscape-scale patterns in soil microbial communities. Paul (2013): The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter? – Global Chang Biology 19: 988–995. ![]() (2008): Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Vitousek (2014): Litter quality versus soil microbial community controls over decomposition: a quantitative analysis. Bai (2013): Evidence that acidification-induced declines in plant diversity and productivity are mediated by changes in below-ground communities and soil properties in a semi-arid steppe. King (2014): Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales. – Forest Ecology and Management 196: 43–56.īradford, M. Steudler (2004): Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest. Granier (2008): Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana. – European Journal of Soil Science 64:161–182. J.Brun (2013): A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29: 1023–1032īlouin, M., M. Scheu (1997): An inter-laboratory comparison of ten different ways of measuring soil microbial biomass C. Vereecken (2008): Sensitivity of simulated soil heterotrophic respiration to temperature and moisture reduction functions. Van Der Putten (2014): Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Hättenschwiler (2012): Nutrient and Carbon Limitation on Decomposition in an Amazonian Moist Forest. Rothe (2002): Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 393–395.Īugusto, L., J. Domsch (1993): The metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) as a specific activity parameter to assess the effects of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the microbial biomass of forest soils. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 10: 215–221. Domsch (1978): A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. – Journal of Tropical Ecology 25: 531–539. Koizumi (2009): Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a seasonally dry tropical forest. The sensitivity of soil respiration to soil quality and the interactions between leaf litter quality and soil microbial biomass suggests that global change drivers altering forest composition and soil community composition may have significant cascading effects on the soil carbon cycle.Īdachi, M., A. Moreover, we found idiosyncratic interactive effects of leaf litter quality and microbial biomass on soil CO 2 emissions across the gradient in soil quality. Our results show that soil CO 2 emissions increased significantly with soil quality and leaf litter quality respectively, and these effects were mediated by interactions with soil microbial biomass. We followed soil CO 2 emissions, soil basal respiration (measured as O 2-consumption), and microbial biomass over twelve weeks to examine variation in response to leaf litter and soil quality and their interactions. We conducted a microcosm experiment using three soils from three forest sites representing a gradient in soil quality, comprised of soil pH and C:N ratio, and six tree litter types (from the same forests), encompassing a gradient in leaf nutrient and lignin concentrations. Heterotrophic soil respiration mainly comes from microbial mineralization of soil organic matter and decomposition of plant litter, yet only a few studies have addressed the combined effects of interactions among leaf litter quality, soil quality, and microbial biomass on soil respiration. Soil respiration plays a central role in global carbon dynamics, and small changes in the magnitude of soil respiration could have large impacts on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig & Leipzig UniversityĪboveground-belowground interactions, carbon cycle, decomposition, leaf litter C dynamics, leaf litter traits, context-dependency Abstract ![]() |
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